1. According to Janos Kis, the founder and leader of the Alliance of Free Democrats, this makes it more difficult for Hungarian leaders to establish their legitimacy. Hence, the new Government must demonstrate economic success in order to be accepted. See, Janos Kis, "Postcommunist Politics In Hungary," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 4-5.
2. For discussion of the election and party positions, see Barnabas Racz, "Political Pluralism in Hungary: the 1990 Elections," Soviet Studies, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1991), pp. 107-136; John R. Hibbing and Samuel C. Patterson, "A Democratic Legislature in the Making: The Historic Hungarian Elections of 1990," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4 (January 1992), pp. 430-454.
3. Radio Budapest, 1 July 1989, cited in Zoltan D. Barany, "East European Forces In Transitions and Beyond," East European Quarterly, Vol. XXVI, No. 1 (March 1992), p. 18.
4. Heti Vilaggazdasag (28 October 1989), pp. 4-5. FBIS-EER-89-138 (9 December 1989), p. 6. Also see Section 29.(2) and Article 29/A (1), The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, p. 5.
5. Keith W. Crane, Steven W. Popper, Barbara A. Kliszewski, Civil-Military Relations in a Multiparty Democracy: Report of a RAND Conference, R-3941-RC (August 1990), p. 25.
6. Aside from the president, the Defense Council's membership includes the Speaker of the National Assembly, the leaders of the parties in the National Assembly, the prime minister, the ministers, as well as the Commander of the Hungarian Army and the Chief-of-Staff.
7. Article 19, The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, pp. 2-3.
8. Article 35.(1)h, The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, p. 8.
9. Zoltan D. Barany, "Major Reorganization Of Hungary's Military Establishment," RFER (7 December 1989).
10. MG Jozsef Biro interview, Zagreb DANAS, 9 January 1990, pp. 58-59. JPRS-EER-90-045 (4 April 1990), p. 8.
11. Budapest Domestic Service, 1 December 1989. FBIS-EEU-89-231 (4 December 1989), pp. 57-58. On 1 March 1990, further amendments to this process were discussed and supported by Ferenc Karpati in the National Assembly. Budapest Domestic Service, 1 March 1990. FBIS-EEU-90-042 (2 March 1990), pp. 50-51.
12. Ferenc Karpati, Budapest MTI, 22 March 1990. FBIS-EEU-90-057 (23 March 1990), p. 48.
13. LTG Laszlo Borsits, Statement to Vienna Military Doctrine Seminar, 19 January 1990, p. 8 (emphasis in original).
14. 18 October 1989 National Assembly session, Budapest Domestic Service. FBIS-EEU-89-201 (19 October 1989), p. 33.
15. Budapest MTI, 3 January 1990. FBIS-EEU-90-006 (9 January 1990), p. 47.
16. 20 February 1990 Parliament Defense Committee session amending Defense Law. FBIS-EEU-90-036 (22 February 1990), p. 60.
17. Budapest Domestic Service 1990. FBIS-EEU-90-043 (5 March 1990), p. 41.
18. Article 40/A (1), The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, p. 9. Also see Magyar Kozlony, No. 59, 25 June 1990, pp. 1269-1279. JPRS-EER-90-125 (31 August 1990), especially p. 14.
19. Gabor Juhasz, "Proposed Rules for Secret Services," Heti Vilaggazdasag, 8 February 1992, pp. 76-78. JPRS-EER-92-031 (13 March 1992), pp. 21-22.
20. Interview with Col. Karoly Gyaraki, chief of Military Security Office, Magyar Honved, 19 October 1990. JPRS-EER-90-161 (7 December 1990), p. 38.
21. Goncz had been interim president since May 2, 1990.
22. Personal interview, 12 April 1991; and Tallozo, No. 35, 31 August 1990, pp. 1673-1674. JPRS-EER-90-137 (3 October 1990), pp. 24-25. According to Defense State Secretary Erno Raffey the exact authority of the office is "nowhere...defined...a legal gap.[adding] authority should be defined by Goncz." Tallozo, No. 33, 17 August 1990. Ibid., p. 26.
23. Lajos Fur interview, Nepszabadsag, 10 September 1990, pp. 1,5. FBIS-EEU-90-178 (13 September 1990), p. 36.
24. Lajos Fur interview, Tallozo, No 4 (25 January 1991), pp. 162-163. JPRS-EER-91-039 (28 March 1991), p. 4.
25. Ferenc Mernyo, "Army Crisis: Self-Centered," Heti Vilaggazdasag, 13 April 1991, pp. 77-79. JPRS-EER-91-083 (14 June 1991), p. 31.
26. Budapest Domestic Service, 24 March 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-058 (26 March 1991), p. 35.
27. Budapest Domestic Service, 2 April 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-064 (3 April 1991), p. 22.
28. Bela Kiraly, "Military Reform: What Should Be Done?" Nepszabadsag, 13 April 1991, p. 6. JPRS-EER-083 (14 June 1991), pp. 33-34.
29. Budapest MTI, 19 August 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-161 (20 August 1991), p. 21.
30. Budapest Kossuth Radio, 19 August 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-161 (20 August 1991), p. 21.
31. MG Janos Deak interview, Budapest Kossuth Radio, 18 September 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-182 (19 September 1991), p. 20.
32. Magyar Kozlony, No. 103 (26 September 1991), pp. 2,111-3,125. JPRS-EER-01-168 (13 November 1991), pp. 14-16. It also ruled that the president is obligated to endorse candidates for state positions put forward by the government unless "the democratic operation of the institution in question is seriously threatened." Ibid.
33. Nepszava, 3 December 1991, p. 5. FBIS-EEU-91-234 (5 December 1991), p. 17.
34. Article 19/B.(2), The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary, p. 3.
35. Budapest MTI, 25 May 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-103 (28 May 1992), p. 12.
36. "National Defense Draft Bill," Heti Vilaggazdasag, 15 August 1992, p. 15. JPRS-EER-92-128 (14 September 1992), p. 39.
37. Budapest Kossuth Radio, 14 September 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-180 (16 September 1992), p. 11.
38. Budapest Uj Magyarorszag, 3 December 1992, p. 5. JPRS-EER-93-001 (5 January 1993), p. 14.
39. Lajos Fur interview, Bulgarska Armiya, 15 March 1993, pp. 1,4. FBIS-EEU-93-052 (19 March 1993), p. 19.
40. Budapest MTI, 17 March 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-053 (22 March 1993), p. 34.
41. Lajos Fur statement. Budapest MTI, 26 November 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-228 (30 November 1993), p. 30.
42. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 67 (7 April 1993), p. 4. By March 1994, Germany had supplied 150 million DM worth of military supply parts. On 9 March Germany agreed to provide supply parts for Hungary's helicopters free of charge. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 48 (10 March 1994), p. 5.
43. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 2 June 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-105 (3 June 1993), p. 15.
44. According to defense ministry spokesman Colonel Lajos Erdelyi, the equipment would be installed on 28 MiG-29s, nine MiG-23s, 65 MiG-21s, and 11 Su-22s. Budapest Nepszabadzag, 27 December 1993, p. 4. FBIS-EEU-93-002 (2 January 1994), p. 9.
45. The Constitutional Court held that these powers, which were not assigned explicitly either to Parliament nor the president, should be assigned by default to the government. See East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter 1994), pp. 11-12.
46. Amendment to the Constitution of the Hungarian Republic passed by the National Assembly on 7 December 1993. Magyar Kozlony, No. 186, 24 December 1993, pp. 11129-11130. JPRS-EER-94-009 (16 March 1994), p. 87.
47. Budapest MTI, 7 December 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-236 (10 December 1993), p. 26.
48. Budapest MTI, 16 February 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-030 (17 February 1993), pp. 18-19.
49. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 49 (12 March 1993), p. 5.
50. Budapest MTI, 14 April 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-074 (20 April 1993), p. 22. For text, see Magyar Kozlony, No. 48 (23 April 1993), pp. 2701-2705. JPRS-EER-93-061 (1 July 1993), pp. 28-32.
51. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 7 December 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-234 (8 December 1993), p. 23; and Laszlo Szendrei interview, Uj Magyarorszag, 9 December 1993, p. 4. FBIS-EEU-93-239 (15 December 1993), pp. 25-26.
52. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 4 October 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-191 (5 October 1993), p. 22.
53. Arpad Goncz interview, Amsterdam De Volkskrant, 5 October 1993, p. 4.
54. Budapest Magyar Honved, 8 October 1993, pp. 26-28. JPRS-EER-93-128 (10 November 1993), pp. 30-31.
55. Budapest MTI, 14 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-010 (14 January 1994), p. 9.
56. Lajos Fur interview, Pesti Hirlap, 15 January 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-015 (24 January 1994), p. 24.
57. Hungarian Review, Newsletter of the Embassy of Hungary (9 June 1994), p. 2.
58. In 1990, the Hungarian Democratic Forum (HDF) gained 42.5 percent of the Parliamentary seats on the basis of 24.7 percent of the vote. For a discussion of Hungary's reelection law, see Andrew Arato, "Elections, Coalitions and Constitutionalism in Hungary," East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 3, Nos. 3&4 (Summer/Fall 1994), pp. 26-32.
59. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 188 (4 October 1994), pp. 4-5; and Budapest MTI, 5 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-195 (7 October 1994), p. 8.
60. Budapest Magyarorszag, 19 August 1994, p. 4. FBIS-EEU-94-178 (14 September 1994), p. 11.
61. Jan Zielonka perceptively observed that one of the reasons why parliaments and executives have agreed to delegate so much authority to small groups of jurists is because these courts represent for the new political elites a guarantee that their constitutional rights will still be protected even if they find themselves on the losing side of political conflicts. See Jan Zielonka, "New Institutions in the Old East Bloc," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 1994), pp. 94-95.
62. Defense Minister-designate Gyorgy Keleti interview. Magyar Nemzet, 13 July 1994, p. 7. FBIS-EEU-94-135 (14 July 1994), p. 13.
63. Colonel Joszef Feher acted as head of the defense ministry's Administrative and Legal Department until 1992 and then as a staff member of the Institute of Military History.
64. Heti Vilaggazdasag, 12 November 1994, pp. 103-104. FBIS-EEU-94-222 (17 November 1994), p. 22.
65. Heti Vilaggazdasag, 12 November 1994, pp. 103-104. FBIS-EEU-94-222 (17 November 1994), pp. 21-22.
66. Defense Minister-designate Gyorgy Keleti interview. Budapest Nepszabadsag, 30 June 1994, pp.1,4. FBIS-EEU-94-127 (1 July 1994), p. 15.
67. Defense Minister Gyorgy Keleti interview. Magyar Hirlap, 25 July 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-144 (27 July 1994), p. 14.
68. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 7 September 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-174 (8 September 1994), p. 13.
69. Budapest MTV, 31 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-211 (1 November 1994), p. 14.
71. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 27 July 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-145 (28 July 1994), p. 8.
72. Budapest Nepszabadsag, 3 August 1994, pp. 1,4. FBIS-EEU-94-150 (4 August 1994), p. 11.
73. Defense Minister Gyorgy Keleti interview. Nepszabadsag, 8 September 1994, p. 6. FBIS-EEU-94-175 (9 September 1994), p. 16.
74. Budapest MTV Television Network, 29 August 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-168 (30 August 1994), p. 18. Keleti cleverly proposed to Ukraine that Hungary would be willing to destroy some of their military vehicles prescribed to Ukraine by CFE. Ukraine would give these vehicles to Hungary which, in exchange, would destroy its less modern vehicles. Budapest Magyar Nemzet, 5 January 1995, p. 6. FBIS-EEU-95-006 (10 January 1995), p. 15.
75. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 9 November 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-218 (10 November 1994), p. 18.
76. Budapest MTI, 6 January 1995. FBIS-EEU-95-005 (9 January 1995), p. 22.
77. Budapest Kossuth Radio Network, 21 January 1995, FBIS-EEU-95-014 (23 January 1995), p.9.
78. Budapest MTI, 2 January 1995. FBIS-EEU-95-001 (3 January 1995), p. 9.
79. Imre Mecs interview, Budapest Nepszabadsag, 21 January 1995, pp. 1,7. FBIS-EEU-95-015 (24 January 1995), p. 36.
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