1. This is a point made by Shlomo Avineri, "The Return To History: The Breakup of the Soviet Union," The Brookings Review (Spring 1992), pp. 30-33.
2. London Declaration On a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance (Brussels: NATO Information Service, 5-6 July 1990), Articles 7 and 8.
3. See Stephen F. Szabo, "Federal Republic of Germany: The Bundeswehr," in Jeffrey Simon (ed.), European Security Policy After the Revolutions of 1989 (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1991), pp. 189-206.
4. Statement Issued By the North Atlantic Council Meeting in Ministerial Session, Copenhagen, 6-7 June 1991 in NATO Communiques 1991 (Brussels: NATO Office of Information and Press, 1992), pp. 22-23.
5. North Atlantic Council Statement, 21 August 1991 in NATO Communiques 1991, pp. 24-25.
6. Rome Declaration on Peace and Cooperation, NATO Press Communique S-1(91)86, 8 November 1991, Article 11, pp. 4-5.
7. For a thorough overview, see Stephen J. Flanagan, "NATO and Central and Eastern Europe: From Liaison to Security Partnership," The Washington Quarterly (Spring 1992).
8. "Work Plan for Dialogue, Partnership and Cooperation," NATO Press Communique M-NACC-1 (92)21, 10 March 1992.
9. "Final Communique issued by the North Atlantic Council in Ministerial Session," NATO Press Communique M-NAC-1 (92) 51, 4 June 1992, p. 4.
10. "Statement Issued At the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in Oslo, Norway," NATO Press Communique M-NACC-1 (92)54, 5 June 1992, p. 2.
11. "Final Communique issued by the North Atlantic Council in Ministerial Session," NATO Press Communique M-NAC-2(92)106, 17 December 1992, p. 2.
12. "Statement issued by the Meeting of Defense Ministers," NATO Press Communique M-DMCP-1(93)28, 29 March 1993, p. 3.
13. "Final Communique issued by the North Atlantic Council in Ministerial Session," NATO Press Communique M-NAC-1(93)38, 10 June 1993, pp. 2-3.
14. "Report to Ministers by the NACC Ad Hoc Group on Cooperation in Peacekeeping," NATO Press Release M-NACC-1(93)40, 11 June 1993, pp. 8-11.
15. "Statement Issued by the North Atlantic Cooperation Council in Ministerial Session," NATO Press Communique M-NACC-1(93)39, 11 June 1993, p. 1.
16. "NACC High Level Seminar on Peacekeeping," NATO Press Release (93)45, 25 June 1993.
17. "Declaration of the Heads of State and Government issued by the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Belgium," NATO Press Communique M-1(94)3, 11 January 1994, pp. 2-3. The declaration stressed the development of separable but not separate capabilities.
18. NATO's 11 January 1994 Declaration noted: "We expect and welcome NATO expansion that would reach democratic states to our East, as part of an evolutionary process, taking into account political and security developments in the whole of Europe." Ibid., p. 4.
19. Ibid., p. 5.
20. Warsaw PAP, 7 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-006 (10 January 1994), p. 1.
21. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 6 (11 January 1994), p. 3.
22. Defense minister Piotr Kolodziejczyk interview, Paris Le Quotidien de Paris, 10 January 1994, p. 14. FBIS-EEU-94-007 (11 January 1994), p. 25.
23. Lech Walesa interview, Prague Lidove Noviny, 10 January 1994, pp. 1,5. FBIS-EEU-94-008 (12 January 1994), p. 23.
24. Prague CTK, 12 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-010 (14 January 1994), p. 1.
25. Warsaw Rzeczpospolita, 19 January 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-012 (19 January 1994), p. 20. The Polish Army comprised roughly 225,000 soldiers; 87,000 professionals, 138,000 conscripts, and 89,000 civilians. Warsaw Rzeczpospolita, 26 January 1994, p. 2.
26. Antwerp Gazet Van Antwerpen, 3 February 1994, p. 5. FBIS-EEU-94-024 (4 February 1994), p. 17.
27. Warsaw Radio Warszawa Network, 15 February 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-032 (16 February 1994), p. 25.
28. Warsaw PAP, 26 May 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-102 (26 May 1994), p. 15.
29. Warsaw TV Polonia Network, 5 July 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-128 (5 July 1994), p. 22.
30. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 6 July 1994, p. 8. FBIS-EEU-94-130 (7 July 1994), pp. 17-19.
31. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 128 (8 July 1994), p. 3.
32. London Financial Times, 16 May 1994, p. 3.
33. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 173 (12 September 1994), p. 4.
34. Hamburg DPA, 28 July 1994. FBIS-WEU-94-150 (4 August 1994), p. 15.
35. Berlin DDP/ADN, 1 September 1994. FBIS-WEU-94-170 (1 September 1994), p. 16.
36. They met in Warsaw in July, and for the fourth time in Bamberg in September.
37. General Henning von Ondarza interview. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 August 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-153 (9 August 1994), pp. 20-21.
38. Warsaw Polska Zbrojna, 12 September 1994, pp. 1-2. FBIS-EEU-94-177 (13 September 1994), p. 19.
39. Budapest MTI, 13 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-010 (14 January 1994), pp. 9-10.
40. On 5 December the Hungarian Parliament accepted the IPP by a vote of 236 for, and one abstention.
41. Budapest MTI, 1 September 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-171 (2 September 1994), p. 10.
42. Defense Minister Gyorgy Keleti interview, Magyar Nemzet, 15 October 1994, p. 7. FBIS-EEU-94-201 (18 October 1994), pp. 23-24.
43. Instead, Hungary sent two observers.
44. Gyorgy Keleti interview, Budapest Duna TV, 20 November 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-225 (22 November 1994), p. 18. Hungary committed 400 million forints ($3.5 million) for the PFP program for 1995. OMRI Daily Digest, 4 January 1995, pp. 4-5.
45. FBIS-EEU-94-117 (17 June 1994), p. 13.
46. Prague CTK, 7 March 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-049 (14 March 1994), p. 8.
47. Prague CTK, 3 August 1994.
48. Prague CTK, 12 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-199 (14 October 1994), p. 5.
49. Vilem Holan, Prague Lidove Noviny, 19 November 1994, p. 5. FBIS-EEU-94-226 (23 November 1994), p. 2.
50. Pavol Kanis 24 May 1994 interview, Bratislava Rozhlasova Stanica. FBIS-EEU-94-101 (25 May 1994), p. 6; and Defense Doctrine of the Slovak Republic text, Bratislava Slovenska Republika, 11 October 1994, p. 10. FBIS-EEU-94-200 (17 October 1994), p. 8.
51. Prague CTK, 1 June 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-106 (2 June 1994), p. 14.
52. Final Communique, North Atlantic Council, 1 December 1994. Press Communique M-NAC-2(94)116, p. 3.
53. Chairman's Summary of North Atlantic Cooperation Council, 2 December 1994. Pres Communique M-NACC-2(94)117 (2 December 1994), p. 1.
54. Budapest MTI, 2 December 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-233 (5 December 1994), p. 11.
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