1. For a good discussion, see Les Griggs, "The Polish People's Army," in Jeffrey Simon (ed.), NATO-Warsaw Pact Force Mobilization (Washington, DC: National Defense University, 1988), pp. 363-366.
2. See Ryszard Kuklinski,"The War Against The Naiton Seen From The Inside," Kultura (Paris), No.4 (April 1987 ).
3. Andrzej Korbonski, "Civil-Military Relations In Poland Between the Wars: 1918-1939," Armed Forces and Society, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Winter 1988), pp. 173-176.
4. Norman Davies, God's Playground: A History of Poland, Vol. 2 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 580-581.
5. Articles 37 & 39, Constitution of the Polish People's Republic, 22 July 1952 (Warsaw: 1978), p. 28.
6. John Tagliabue, "Poland's Senate to Be Resurrected in Election Pact,"The New York Times, 10 March 1989, pp. A1,9.
7. Voytek Zubek, "Poland's Party Self-Destructs," Orbis, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Spring 1990), pp. 182-183.
8. Leslaw Dudek, "On the Defense Doctrine of the Third Republic of Poland," Polska Zbrojna, 10-12 July 1992,
9. Tygodnik Solidarnosc, 16 February 1990, p. 17. FBIS-EEU-90-070 (11 April 1990), p. 40. p. III.
10. Gen. Zenon Poznanski interview, Trybuna, 28 March 1990, p. 2. JPRS-EER-90-086 (18 June 1990), p. 22.
11. Polish Army: Facts and Figures (In the Transition Period) (Warsaw: Ministry of National Defense, 1991), pp. 9-12.
12. "Defense Doctrine of the Polish Republic," Zolnierz Wolnosci, 26 February 1990, pp. 1-8. JPRS-EER-90-038 (26 March 1990), p. 30.
13. Polish Army: Facts and Figures (Warsaw: Ministry of National Defense, 1990), p. 9.
14. Republic of Poland/Constitutional Changes (Mimeo: Polish Embassy Washington DC).
15. Polish Army: Facts and Figures, (1990), pp. 11-12.
16. MOND Florian Siwicki 18 September 1989 speech, Zolnierz Wolnosci, 26 September 1989, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-89-188 (29 September 1989), p. 50.
17. Warsaw PAP, 13 December 1989. FBIS-EEU-90-003 (4 January 1990), p. 70.
18. For a discussion of the significance of these appointments, see Thomas S. Szayna, The Military in a Post-Communist Poland, RAND, N-3309-USDP, 1991, p. 26.
19. See Szayna, The Military in a Postcommunist Poland, op. cit., pp. 33-34.
20. John Tagliabue, "Poland's President To Step Down," The New York Times, 20 September 1990, p. A8.
21. Jerzy Milewski interview, Warsaw Glob, 24-26 January 1992, p. 2. JPRS-EER92-023 (2 March 1992), p. 13.
22. Warsaw PAP, 24 January 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-016 (24 January 1991), p. 48.
23. Warsaw PAP, 3 January 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-003 (4 January 1991), p. 18.
24. Warsaw PAP, 13 February 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-033 (19 February 1991), p. 38.
25. Rzeczpospolita, 23 May 1991, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-91-104 (30 May 1991), p. 16.
26. Report On Eastern Europe, 22 February 1991, p. 50.
27. Jacek Merkel address, Polska Zbrojna, 31 January 1991, pp. 1-2. JPRS-EER-91-041 (2 April 1991), pp. 47-48.
28. Warsaw PAP, 19 January 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-014 (22 January 1991), p. 32.
29. East European Constitutional Review, Vol 1, No. 1 (Spring 1992), p. 2.
30. Warsaw Domestic Service, 22 February 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-037 (25 February 1991), p. 43.
31. Warsaw PAP, 20 August 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-162 (21 August 1991), p. 20.
32. Jan Bielecki interview, Le Figaro, 22 August 1991, p. 10. FBIS-EEU-91-165 (26 August 1991), pp. 23-24.
33. Lech Walesa interview, Polska Zbrojna, 1-3 February 1991, pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-91-024 (5 February 1991), p. 36. Walesa received Sejm approval in July 1991.
34. Warsaw TVP Television, 25 February 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-038 (26 February 1991), p. 27.
35. Report On Eastern Europe, 8 March 1991, p. 50.
36. Janusz Onyszkiewicz interview, Polska Zbrojna, 26-28 April 1991, pp. 1,3. JPRS-EER-91-065 (14 May 1991), p. 43.
37. Zdzislaw Stelmaszuk interview, Polska Zbrojna, 7-9 June 1991, pp. 1,5. JPRS-EER-91-104 (15 July 1991), pp. 37-38; 40-41.
38. Warsaw PAP, 8 July 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-131 (9 July 1991), p. 31.
39. Stelmaszuk interview, 7-9 June 1991, op. cit., pp. 43-44.
40. Walter J. Oleszek, "Parliamentary Developments in Poland," CRS Review (August 1991), p. 32.
41. Warsaw TVP, 31 October 1991. FBIS-EEU-91-212 (1 November 1991), p. 8.
42. Warsaw PAP, 10 January 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-009 (14 January 1992), p. 27.
43. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 3 January 1992, p. 1. FBIS-EEU-92-006 (9 January 1992), pp. 24-25.
44. Warsaw Rzeczpospolita (8-9 February 1992), p. 1. FBIS-EEU-92-029 (12 February 1992), p. 21.
45. Warsaw TVP, 13 February 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-032 (18 February 1992), p. 23.4
46. Warsaw Radio, 12 February 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-030 (13 February 1992), p. 11.
47. Warsaw Radio, 26 February 1992. FBIS-EER-92-039 (27 February 1992), p. 12.
48. Jerzy Milewski interview, Warsaw Glob, 24-26 January 1992, p. 2. JPRS-EER-92-023 (2 March 1992), p. 13.
49. Warsaw PAP, 24 March 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-059 (26 March 1992), p. 14.
50. Warsaw PAP, 23 April 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-083 (29 April 1992), p. 29.
51. "A New Martial Law?", Nowy Swiat, 9 April 1992, pp. 1,2. General Stelmaszuk later verified the text in an interview. See, Nowy Swiat, 11-12 April 1992, p. 1. FBIS-EEU-92-075 (17 April 1992), p. 20.
52. saw TVP Television, 9 April 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-070 (10 April 1992), p. 20. General Tadeusz Wilecki noted that Milewski told him that his candidacy was being considered but denied that any political support was demanded in return. Warsaw PAP, 16 April 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-075 (17 April 1992), p. 21. Milewski supported Wilecki's side. See Jerzy Milewski interview, Rzeczpospolita, 11-12 April 1992, pp. 1,3. JPRS-EER-92-048 (20 April 1992), pp. 38-39.
53. Warsaw PAP, 25 April 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-082 (28 April 1992), p. 20.
54. Warsaw PAP, 15 May 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-097 (19 May 1992), p. 10.
55. Warsaw PAP, 15 May 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-097 (19 May 1992), p. 10.
56. Warsaw PAP, 29 June 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-125 (29 June 1992), p. 30.
57. Warsaw Third Program Radio, 15 July 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-137 (16 July 1992), p. 30.
58. Warsaw TVP, 22 July 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-142 (23 July 1992), p. 21.
59. Polska Zbrojna, 6 August 1992, pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-92-157 (13 August 1992), p. 24.
60. Slowo Polskie, 28 September 1992, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-92-198 (13 October 1992), p. 17.
61. Warsaw TVP, 22 October 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-206 (23 October 1992), p. 23. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 206 (26 October 1992), p. 5. On 30 June 1992 Janusz Onyszkiewicz replaced General Marian Sobolewski with Colonel Boleslaw Izydorczyk as head of military intelligence. Warsaw PAP, 30 June 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-127 (1 July 1992), p. 20. For a good review of the various reforms of military intelligence, see Warsaw PAP, 2 January 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-001 (4 January 1993), p. 49.
62. Romuald Szeremetiew, "Terra Incognita," Tygodnik Solidarnosc, 1 January 1993, p. 4. FBIS-EEU-93-010 (15 January 1993), p. 22.
63. East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer 1992), p. 13.
64. For Small Constitution text, see Zycie Warszawy, 19 November 1992. JPRS-EER-93-009 (28 January 1993), pp. 29-35.
65. Warsaw PAP, 1 August 1992. FBIS-EEU-92-149 (3 August 1992), p. 15.
66. "A Little Constitution in Poland," East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 1, No. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 12-13.
67. Warsaw PAP, 30 April 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-083 (3 May 1993), p. 33.
68. When the parliament was dissolved in May 1993, the 46-member Sejm extraordinary commission had only adopted seven of the 49 articles. See Andrzej Rzeplinski, "The Polish Bill of Rights and Freedoms," East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 193), p. 26.
69. Warsaw PAP, 26 February 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-038 (1 March 1993), p. 28; and Gazeta Wyborcza, 27-28 February 1993, p. 2.FBIS-EEU-93-040 (3 March 1993), p. 30.
70. Gazeta Wyborcza, 27-28 March 1993, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-93-060 (31 March 1993), p. 20.
71. Gazeta Wyborcza, 27-28 March 1993, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-93-060 (31 March 1993), p. 20.
72. Janusz B. Grochowski, "The Military Is Getting Restructured," Polska Zbrojna, 29 March 1993, pp. 1,5.
73. Deputy defense minister Jan Kuriata interview, Polska Zbrojna, 27 April 1993, pp. 1-2. Kuriata noted that his department was created from the Main Technology Institute and the Old Quartermaster services. Some of these were integrated into the defense ministry, others dissolved resulting in a reduction of 450 positions. JPRS-EER-93-053 (10 June 1993), p. 16. An added problem was the scarcity of funds for arms acquisition. In 1993 the defense ministry had funds for only 10 new tanks from Labedy Mechanical Factories. Polska Zbrojna, 5 July 1993, p. 3. JPRS-EER-93-083 (13 August 1993), p. 19.
74. Defense Minister Janusz Onyszkiewicz, Trybuna, 31 March 1993, p. 1. FBIS-EEU-93-067 (9 April 1993), p. 17.
75. Janusz Onyszkiewicz interview, Warsaw Radio Zet, 28 May 1993, FBIS-EEU-93-105 (3 June 193), p. 20.
76. Warsaw Radio Warszawa Network, 18 September 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-180 (20 September 1993), p. 30. During the previous three years, about 60,000 servicemen and civilians of the Northern Group of Forces were withdrawn.
77. Presidential press spokesman Andrzej Drzycimski, Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 26 August 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-165 (27 August 1993), p.
78. Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 26 August 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-165 (27 August 1993), p. 24.
79. Warsaw PAP, 31 August 1993. FBIS-WEU-93-168 (31 August 1993), p. 36.
80. Warsaw PAP, 15 September 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-187 (16 September 1993), p. 20.
81. Warsaw TVP, 5 October 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-192 (6 October 1993), p. 15.
82. Warsaw PAP, 18 October 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-201 (20 October 1993), p. 25.
83. Defense Minister Onyszkiewicz press conference, Warsaw PAP, 12 July 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-132 (13 July 1993), p. 16. In fact 23 officers and two conscripts ran for Sejm and Senate seats. Thirteen officers ran on the Non-Party Bloc in Support of Reforms (BBWR), one officer and one soldier for the Coalition for the Republic, two for Democratic Left Alliance, and the rest for Polish Peasant Party and others. Warsaw TVP, 25 August 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-164 (26 August 1993), p. 14.
84. Poznan Wprost, No. 30(25 July 1993), p. 18.
85. Warsaw PAP, 13 August 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-156 (16 August 1993), p. 18; also Zbigniew Skoczylas interview, Gazeta Wyborcza, 13 October 1994, pp. 10-11. FBIS-EEU-94-200 (17 October 1994), p. 23.
86. The Union of Labor (UP) won 7.3 percent of the votes and 41 Sejm seats. Not counting the German minority with 0.7 percent, which has a handful of 4 guaranteed seats, only two other parties exceeded the 5 percent threshold and 8 percent for coalitions--the Confederation for an Independent Poland (KPN) 5.8 percent and 22 seats and the Non-Party Bloc in Support of Reforms (BBWR) 5.4 percent and 16 seats, endorsed by Lech Walesa. For an excellent assessment of the election, see Aleksander Smolar, "The Dissolution of Solidarity," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 5, No. 1 (January 1994), especially pp. 72.
87. In the 100-seat Senate the SDP won 37 seats and the PPA, 36.
88. For a good discussion, see Wiktor Osiatynski, "Poland's Constitutional Ordeal," East European Constitutional Review, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 29-38.
89. Warsaw Rzeczpospolita, 27 October 1993, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-93-207 (28 October 1993), p. 21.
90. Colonel Stanislaw Koziej of the BBN outlined the defense agenda of the new Pawlak government. It requires drafting provisions concerning national security and defense in the new Constitution; the Universal Military training Act needs to be amended regarding identifying the government agencies responsibilities and powers, identifying emergency powers, resolving the question of establishing a National Guard, and developing appropriate legislation for modernization of the national defense system. Polska Zbrojna, 2 September 1993, p. 2.
91. Polska Zbrojna, 9 November 1993, pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-93-217 (12 November 1993), pp. 20-24; and Kolodziejczyk press conference, Rzeczpospolita, 18 November 1993., pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-93-222 (19 November 1993), pp. 25-26. Kolodziejczyk's position on NATO suggested continuity with the previous government. He noted: "I am not a skeptic as far as our road to NATO is concerned; I was and I still am a realist. We must strive to achieve that goal because there is no alternative." Polska Zbrojna, 2 September 1993, p. 2.
92. Rzeczpospolita, 10-11 November 1993, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-93-216(10 November 1993),pp. 37-38
93. On the same day both deputy defense ministers Przemyslaw Grudzinski and Bronislaw Komorowski resigned.
94. Warsaw Polska Zbrojna, 18 November 1993, pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-93-227 (29 November 1993), pp. 19-20.
95. Defense Minister Piotr Kolodziejczyk interview, Warsaw TVP Television, 23 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-018 (27 January 1994), p. 28.
96. Poznan Wprost, No. 16 (17 April 1994), p. 34. FBIS-EEU-94-120 (22 June 1994), p. 14.
97. Warsaw PAP, 17 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-014 (21 January 1994), p. 6.
98. Warsaw PAP, 17 November 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-221 (18 November 1993), p. 15.
99. Warsaw PAP, 26 November 1993. FBIS-EEU-93-227 (29 November 1993), p. 18. The goal was to amend the Small Constitution to grant executive, not just advisory, powers to the RBN which would replace the KOK. National Security Bureau chief Jerzy Milewski interview, Warsaw TVP, 14 February 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-031 (15 February 1994), pp. 36-37.
100. Defense Minister Piotr Kolodziejczyk interview, Rzeczpospolita, 26 January 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-004 (1 February 1994), p. 25.
101. Poznan Prost, 13 February 1994, p. 6. JPRS-EER-94-011 (30 March 1994), p. 18.
102. Warsaw TVP, 5 January 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-005 (7 January 1994), pp. 15-16.
103. Krakow Czas Krakowski, 5-6 March 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-051 (16 March 1994), p. 18.
104. Warsaw TV Polonia, 25 April 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-082 (28 April 1994), p. 32.
105. Defense Minister Kolodziejczyk, Warsaw TVP, 26 March 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-062 (31 March 1994), p. 9. The defense minister preferred to spend the 300 billion zlotys for Huzar helicopters for the restructured armed forces. See, Warsaw PAP, 15 June 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-116 (16 June 1994), pp. 16-17.
106. Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 12 April 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-071 (13 April 1994), p. 25.
107. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 3 May 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-088 (6 May 1994), p. 27.
108. Warsaw Polska Zbrojna, 20-22 May 1994, pp. 1,2. FBIS-EEU-94-099 (23 May 1994), p. 21.
109. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 98 (25 May 1994), p. 4. Warsaw PAP, 24 May 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-101 (25 May 1994), p. 8.
110. RFE/RL Daily Report, No. 107 (8 June 1994), p. 5.
111. Colonel Wieslaw Rozbicki, "We Have Disarmed Ourselves On Our Own," Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 June 1994, pp. 12-13. FBIS-EEU-94-116 (16 June 1994), p. 16.
112. Warsaw Radio Warszawa Network, 14 June 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-114 (14 June 1994), p. 22.
113. According to BBN chief Henryk Goryszewski. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 23 June 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-122 (24 June 1994), pp. 17-18.
114. It should be remembered that during Jan Parys' tenure as defense minister, in March 1992 Walesa had met with General Wilecki, who was commander of the Silesian Military District, and, without the defense minister's knowledge, offered Wilecki the CoS post. See Zbigniew Skoczylas interview, Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 13 October 1994, pp. 10-11. FBIS-EEU-94-200 (17 October 1994), p. 22.
115. Warsaw TV Polonia Network, 11 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-197 (12 October 1994), p. 27; and Warsaw Zycie Warsawy, 12 October 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-198 (13 October 1994), p. 17.
116. Janusz Onyszkiewicz interview, Warsaw Zycie Warsawy, 6 October 1994, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-195 (7 October 1994), p. 37.
117. Ibid., p. 38.
118. Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 8 October 1994 and Warsaw PAO, 10 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-196 (11 October 1994), pp. 21-22.
119. Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 12 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-197 (12 October 1994), p. 26. Allegedly, Kolodziejczyk provided evidence of numerous instances of military insubordination to include: the Silesian Military Commander (General Ornatowski)'s letter to the President critical of civilian defence ministry oversight; the establishment of a special inspection team on the general staff (to replace the defense ministry Control Department) without his consent; the general staff's refusal to turn over the Conference Center in Warsaw to the ministry; excluding civilian defense ministry officials from military ceremonies in military units, etc. Warsaw Zycie Warszawy, 18 October 1994), p. 2. FBIS-EEU-94-201 (18 October 1994), pp. 27-28.
120. Warsaw PAP, 27 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-208 (27 October 1994), p. 11.
121. Warsaw PAP, 27 October 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-209 (28 October 1994), pp. 10-11.
122. Ibid.
123. Warsaw PAP, 4 November 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-216 (8 November 1994), p. 11.
124. Bronislaw Komorowski interview, Poznan Gazeta Poznanska, 26 October 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-214 (4 November 1994), p. 17.
125. Warsaw TV Polonia, 7 November 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-216 (8 November 1994), p. 25.
126. Warsaw PAP, 10 November 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-218 (10 November 1994), p. 20.
127. Interview with Grzegorz Kolodko, finance minister. Warsaw Polska Zbrojna, 25-27 November 1994, pp. 1-2. FBIS-EEU-94-232 (2 December 1994), pp. 17-18.
128. Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 12 December 1994, p. 3. FBIS-EEU-94-238 (12 December 1994), p. 22.
129. Warsaw TV Polonia Network, 21 December 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-246 (22 December 1994), pp. 21-22; and Warsaw TV Polonia Network, 22 December 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-247 (23 ecember 1994), p. 19.
130. Warsaw TV Polonia Network, 23 December 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-248 (27 December 1994), p. 14; and Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 28 December 1994. FBIS-EEU-94-249 (28 December 1994), p. 12.
131. Lech Walesa address to Sejm, Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 19 January 1995. FBIS-EEU-95-013 (20 January 1995), p. 16.
132. Jerzy Milewski 19 January Sejm speech, Warsaw Polska Zbrojna, 20-22 January 1995, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-95-014 (23 January 1995), pp. 34-36.
133. Warsaw Radio Warsawa Network, 30 January 1995. FBIS-EEU-95-020 (31 January 1995), p. 19.
134. Looking back at his experience, Kolodziejczyk noted that the Parliament had "very little effectiveness in reforming the law...[noting] The act about mandatory military service has existed since 1967." Piotr Kolodziejczyk interview Warsaw Gazeta Wyborcza, 28 December 1994, p. 13. FBIS-EEU-95-003 (5 January 1995), p. 15.
135. One area involved the transfer of some elements of military intelligence (WSI) to the General Staff from the civilian defense ministry. Another involved transfer of the powers of the "civilian" Department of Education to the military under the condition that civilians would control educational activities (through the defense minister) in early 1994. But as Drawsko demonstrated, the General Staff was supported by the president, and circumvented the defense minister. Zycie Warsawy, 10 January 1995, p. 2. FBIS-EEU-95-007 (11 January 1995), p. 13.
136. Warsaw TV Polinia Network, 11 January 1995. FBIS-EEU-95-008 (12 January 1995), p. 19.
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