601. The Bundeswehr is having to adapt its structure, cut manpower levels, move part of its units to new stations, build up forces in Eastern Germany and gear itself to a broadened task spectrum at very short notice, virtually all at once and with far fewer funds at its disposal. Nevertheless, the Bundeswehr continues to perform its protective mission and is already proving a great success in new tasks associated with UN peace missions and in humanitarian operations. In terms of planning, organization and human effort, all this is a challenge never before experienced in the history of the Bundeswehr.
The Bundeswehr is at present undergoing a radical transformation, and although the rule is that the measures are to be taken step by step, in a balanced manner and on the basis of social acceptability, the process is tantamount to building up from scratch again.
602. The Bundeswehr's mission is performed by the Army, the Air Force and the Navy, the Central Medical Agencies and Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr, and the agencies of the Federal Defence Administration. Parts of them are being moved to the new Länder and, as a result, are assisting the process of establishing full internal unity in the country.
THE COMMAND STRUCTURE OF THE BUNDESWEHR
603. The Federal Minister of Defence is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces in peacetime. The Federal Ministry of Defence (FMoD) supports him in his duties as head of the department. Its military divisions also exercise command and control of the three Services, the Central Military Agencies and the Central Medical Agencies. It is the highest authority for the Defence Administration.
604. The Federal Republic of Germany's acquisition of full sovereignty since unification and the broadening of the Bundeswehr's role are also placing new demands on the armed forces' command organization. Until Germany unified, the employment of large contingents of German forces was conceivable only in support of Alliance operations and within NATO's integrated command structure. To participate in UN peace missions and to conduct humanitarian operations, the Federal Government must in future be in a position to also exercise command and control of its forces as a national responsibility. Assistance in the exercise of national command and control is currently being provided by a Coordinating Staff on Bundeswehr Operational Tasks at the federal Ministry of Defence.
605. The Federal Ministry of Defence is currently organized in four Service Staffs, the Office of the Surgeon General of the Federal Armed Forces, the Directorate General of Armaments and five other directorates, as well as the staffs in the ministry's executive group. The command functions, however, are being streamlined. A severe cut is being made in the number of divisions and branches.
606. The Army, Air Force and Navy command organizations at the ministry will be adapted accordingly. Command and control will be exercised by new commands, offices and logistic support commands set up within each service. Command functions within the medical service will be performed by the Federal Armed Form Medical office.
Organization of the Federal Ministry of Defence
THE ARMY
607. The Army is a major instrument of military policy designed to implement Germany's preventive security measures. It is a chief factor in helping Germany to exert its influence in the Alliance and in maintaining a balance of power throughout Europe. It can employ its forces in tasks covering the entire range of future operations, from the defence of Germany and its allies to participation in humanitarian activities or peace missions. Geared for integration into multinational structures, the Army's major formations contribute towards solidarity in the Alliance and allow combined military action to be taken in the defence of the Alliance or the management of crises.
608. The Army is the main sponsor of the liability to military service; 80 percent of all conscripts in basic military service serve in the Army. The Arrays ability to graduate augmentation allows it to adapt to my developments in security.
MISSION, TASKS AND ORGANIZATION
609. The Army's main task is to repel hostile land forces. Operating as part of a combined multinational force and together with the other services that make up Germany's armed forces, the Army thus protects not only German, but also allied territory. It is above all due to its standing forces that the German Army enhances NATO's and the WEU's ability to deal with crises.
610. The Army faces a new challenge in the whole spectrum of United Nations and CSCE peace missions. It will particularly be required to show direct commitment to the people in areas hit by conflict and to remain in place for prolonged periods. In addition to this, the Army provides humanitarian aid all over the world and participates in the arms control verification programme. By cooperating with other countries, especially Germany's neighbours in the East, the Army is helping to build a stable and united Europe.
611. In Germany, the Army provides support for allied forces and helps to preserve their freedom of operation in battle. The Army provides assistance for other organizations and disaster relief and performs national territorial functions on behalf of Germany's forces. It can both be integrated into NATO's command structure and meet the requirements of national command and control. Most of the Army's major formations are integrated into multinational units.
612. The reaction forces constitute the section of the Army that is more or less fully manned and equipped and operational at all times. The main defence forces are graduated in standing strength and dependent upon mobilization. The Army's basic military organization discharges national functions associated with command and control, reconnaissance and intelligence, combat service support and training.
613. The Army Forces Command, Army Office and Army Support Command report directly to the Chief of Staff, Army. He is both the Army's highest administrative superior and a director at the Federal Ministry of Defence. He is assisted by the Army Staff.
National territorial and operational tasks are combined at Army Forces Command and Military District Command/Division level. The Army Forces Command is responsible for planning and conducting all Army operations. Not only does it have support forces of its own; it has full command of the Airmobile Forces Command and IV (GE) Corps in Potsdam and administrative control of Germany's multinational corps elements. The Military district commands/divisions report to it in all matters concerning national territorial tasks. These commands/divisions work closely together with the Länder governments in eight military districts. The military district commands exercise control over several military region commands.
614. The operational divisions combined with the military district commands report in peacetime to the corps.
These divisions each command two to three active or semi-active brigades. Apart from IV (GE) Corps, the corps exercise operational command over divisions of different nationalities in battle. IV (GE) Corps has command of two German divisions established in the new Länder.
615. The Army Office is responsible for Army training policy and matters concerning the further development of the arms and services. It has command of seventeen Army schools, the Army Enlisted Personnel Office and the training area headquarters.
616. The Army Support Command is responsible for ensuring materiel readiness in the Army. It performs general logistic and medical service functions, some on behalf of all the forces. In addition to this, it takes care of the Army's military interests in the development, procurement and use of defence materiel.
Peacetime Organization of the Army
THE ARMY'S CONTRIBUITION TO NATIONAL AND ALLIANCE DEFENCE
617. The Army's main defence forces are chiefly earmarked for defence operations in the Alliance's Central Region. Elements of the main defence forces and force multipliers such as NBC defence, signal and engineer troops can also be used in allied defence operations out of region, either as reinforcements or for establishing points of main effort.
618. The German Army contributes to the Alliance's reaction potential by assigning a division equivalent to the ACE Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). It also assigns a division equivalent to the European Corps. Five active brigades, combat and logistic support troops are available for this purpose, for the ACE Mobile Force (Land) (AMF (L)) and for the Multinational Division (Central) (MND (C)). And, of course, Germany also contributes forces to the Franco-German Brigade.
619. Responsibility for planning and conducting airmobile operations during allied operations, UN and CSCE missions or humanitarian aid activities rests with the Airmobile Forces Command.
THE ARMY'S CONTRIBUTION TO UNITED NATIONS PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN AID ACTIVITIES
620. The Army has already contributed to international relief efforts on many occasions in the past. Army aviation personnel have transported people and material and been employed in fire-fighting. Engineers have built temporary housing for refugees and disaster victims; medical personnel have helped by setting up general hospitals, NBC defence personnel and engineers have provided help in disaster areas by clearing up and ensuring the supply of water. The contribution the Army made to the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM 11) is the largest humanitarian operation to date.
621. The Army provides major elements of Germany's contingents for UN peace missions. For this purpose, it currently holds two brigades as lead units so that it can employ up to two UN battalions. These UN battalions can be composed in accordance with the tasks to be performed, with forces being drawn from a variety of arms and services and organizational components. The composition of a UN unit is determined by the specifications issued by the United Nations, the area of operations and the tasks to be accomplished. It may include observers holding the rank of officers, staff personnel, specialists and complete units for special rules. Specialist units equal in strength at first to two UN battalions can be composed in accordance with the tasks to be performed by drawing forces from a variety of arms and services and organizational components.
To comply flexibly with the stipulations of UN-assigned missions, the Army operations Command designates lead and support units for specific concrete tasks, for example, engineer, supply or communications tasks. Responsibility for steering and coordinating each task is assigned to a lead unit. The support units provide the personnel and materiel their lead units require to accomplish individual tasks.
Responsibility for raising a UN force is assigned to a battalion, brigade or division staff. As the force is being built up, it coordinates the various measures required with all other units and formations concerned.
THE AIR FORCE
622. The Air Force uses its assets to cover the entire spectrum of future operational options. This ranges from providing humanitarian aid and participating in United Nations missions and multinational crisis management programmes to engaging in direct and extended national defence as part of an allied force. The special characteristics of air forces are brought to bear. flexibility mobility the ability to perform a variety of roles, and the ability to quickly establish points of main effort. Now that Germany is a sovereign state, the Air Force also polices the airspace over the whole of German territory on its own responsibility.
623. The Air Force's structure must be adequate to meet the new demands posed by the defence of Germany and its allies and the stationing in the new Länder. This applies particularly to the capability of mobilization-dependent forces to augment and to provide missile defence, air policing and airlift services. The command and control, information and air surveillance system in the new Länder are being adapted to those in Western Germany. The restationing of Air Force units from the old Länder to the new ones is also helping to complete internal unity in Germany.
MISSION, TASKS AND ORGANIZATION
624. The Air Force's mission is to ensure a favourable air situation both for protecting the state and its citizens as well as civilian and military installations and for helping to maintain the services' freedom of operations. one of the tasks the Air Force already performs in peacetime is that of air policing. It is responsible for the surveillance of German airspace and maintains fighter units at a high level of readiness. Among its other major tasks are deep battle and the support of other services.
625. The Air Force helps to promote military stability in Europe and to assist allied forces in conducting composite air operations even outside Germany. In addition to this, it participates in international crisis management activities and cooperation projects with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe as well as in are control and confidence-building programmes.
626. The provision of aircraft as nuclear weapon carriers is an expression of the Alliance's will to share the risks and burdens involved and a requirement if Germany is to have a voice in matters concerning NATO's nuclear precautions. The Two plus Four Treaty bans the stationing of nuclear weapon carriers in the new Länder. It also states that "...This does not apply to conventional weapon systems which may have other capabilities in addition to conventional ones but which in that part of Germany are equipped for a conventional role and designated only for such."
627. The Air Force has medium- and long-range aircraft to satisfy the demands for military airlift capacity and government-related air transport services. It supports United Nations peace missions as well as national and international relief activities. The Air Force also reports any knowledge it has of violations of environmental regulations. Finally, it operates the military search and rescue service and supports the civilian air rescue service.
628. To accomplish its tasks, the Air Force needs a broad spectrum of capabilities. Reconnaissance and air surveillance are prerequisites for tactical command and control. They form the basis upon which political and military situations are estimated. Standing air defensive and offensive forces ensure that the Alliance can react quickly and effectively. The Air Force's command and control, support and transport capabilities are conducive to permitting all three services to be employed in the Bundeswehr's entire spectrum of tasks in Germany and abroad. After an appropriate period of preparation, augmentable combat units will internet with the other services and allied forces to defend Germany when its existence is threatened.
629. The factors determining the manpower and materiel allowances for Air Force units are their tasks, training requirements and the amount of time available for preparation.
Reaction force units are kept fully operational. Semi-active units which are required for national defence purposes if Germany should face a direct threat number among the Air Force's main defence forces and must augment in terms of both manpower and materiel to establish fall operational readiness.
Units that are required for establishing operational readiness or for conducting air policing, air rescue and relief measures are allowed whatever they need to fully accomplish their tasks in peacetime. These are forces employed in air surveillance and air traffic control, assigned to fighter and transport units or serving at training, command and control and logistic facilities. They can augment to perform the operational tasks assigned to them in a national defence environment.
630. The Air Force is organized according to functional aspects. Its command structure combines the demands emanating from integration into NATO's command structure with the necessities of national command and control. The Air Force Command, Air Force Support Command and the Air Force Office report to the Chief of Staff, Air Force, who is misted at the Federal Ministry of Defence by the Air Staff.
631. The Air Force Command exercises command and control over the Air Force's operational units. It is the superior command of the Air Force Northern Tactical Command and Air Force Southern Tactical Command, the Air Force Communications and Electronics Command, and the Air Transport Command. Subordinate to the Air Force Commands are four air divisions with air reconnaissance and combat wings, tactical air control regiments, tactical training facilities and the German element of the NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AWACS) wing.
The Air Force Communications and Electronics Command and Air Transport command discharge centralized functions. The Communications and Electronics Command exercises command and control over the signal regiments, the SIGINT forces and supra-regional military air traffic control, units. The Air Transport Command exercises command and control over the Air Force's air transport wings and the Special Air Mission Wing of the Federal Ministry of Defence.
The Air Force Support Command is the central agency for logistics and armament tasks in the Air Force. Its subordinate agencies are the Air Force service regiments and the Air Force Materiel Office.
The Air Force office is responsible for training and centralized functions. Its subordinate agencies are centralized training, personnel management and military geophysics agencies and facilities, the Air Force Surgeon and the Air Force bands.
632. Under the integrated NATO command structure, Combined Air Operations Centres (CAOC) command and control several nations' air defensive and offensive forces in tactical operations. In order to ease the problem of harmonizing NATO and national operational command and control procedures, the Air Force Northern and Southern Tactical Commands are collocated with the appropriate regional CAOCs. The commanders of the Air Force Northern and Southern Tactical Commands have a dual-hatted function, as they are also commanders of the NATO operations centres, thus ensuring command and control in one hand.
633. NATO has established the Reaction Forces (Air) Staff (RF(A) S), a multinational staff under German command whose function it is to draw up plans for joint air operations in response to a crisis. It is collocated with the Air Force Northern Tactical Command in Kalkar and commanded by the commander of the Air Force Northern Tactical Command.
634. The Air Force elements within the basic military organization comprise the facilities and units that provide command and operational support, conduct general and specialist training and discharge specialist functions. They include air transport wings, search and rescue forces, service and signal regiments, schools and training units, medical offices and agencies, the air traffic control organization, the meteorological service and the Air Force hands.
The basic military organization thus makes a direct contribution towards the protection and combat support not only of the Air Force, but also of the other services. Together with the main defence and reaction forces, it constitutes a mission-essential and integral element of the Air Force. The cuts in allied presence in Europe will in the future lead to an extension in the Air Force's responsibility for Federal German territory.
Peacetime Organization of the Air Force
THE AIR FORCE'S CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL AND ALLIANCE DEFENCE
635. The Air Force's chief contribution to national defence lies in establishing a favourable air situation and protecting the state and its citizens against air threats. This is conducive to the main defence forces' capability to augment, reinforcements to arrive, land forces to take up their initial deployment positions and preparations to he made for defence. The success of operations conducted by any service is conditional upon air superiority. Air defensive and offensive forces thus contribute to keeping options open for military action and providing the political leaden opportunities for ending the conflict.
636. An adequately effective and area-covering air defence system cannot be maintained with ground-launched missile systems alone. It is therefore necessary to combine airborne and ground-based air defence system. As fighter aircraft can be used to quickly engage in air defence counterconcentration, all F-4F PHANTOMs and MiG 29s will in the future be employed in an air defence role.
637. Mobile surface-to-air missile systems form high-density protection zones for towns and cities, airfields, ports and own land forces. PATRIOT, HAWK and ROLAND are employed in mixed operations to protect vital assets in all directions and at all attitudes. Surface-to-air missiles are the only systems at the moment capable of intercepting ballistic missiles. In PATRIOT, the Air Force has a system whose effectiveness in this regard is limited.
638. The foremost task of air offensive forces is to engage an aggressor's air forces at an early stage and conduct deep interdiction of his land forces, while providing support for own land and naval forces.
639. Allied crisis management demands air forces on account of their ability to quickly establish points of main effort over long distances and respond flexibly and on account of their high mobility. They can be composed and employed as reaction forces with a variety of capabilities and have a definite impact on the way a crisis develops, A potential aggressor can above all be engaged immediately and effectively from the air. NATO's integrated Air Command and Control System creates an important basis for allied military crisis action.
640. The Air Force plans to assign two PHANTOM fighter squadrons, four TORNADO reconnaissance and fighter bomber squadrons, and a surface-to-air missile component made up of six PATRIOT squadrons, four HAWK squadrons and one ROLAND squadron as its contribution to NATO's Reaction Forces (Air).
641. The units needed to ensure the national command and control, supply and support of the Air Force's reaction forces abroad will he composed in accordance with requirements. They perform their duties in the area of operations as a national responsibility. The package will include operations centres and logistic forces as well as air rescue, medical service and SIGINT elements.
THE AIR FORCE'S CONTRIBUTION TO UNITED NATIONS PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN AID ACTIVITIES
642. The Air Force's air transport assets are also available to participate in United Nations peace missions and to provide humanitarian aid quickly anywhere in the world. For decades, the Air Force's B 707 and AIRBUS long-distance transport aircraft as well as its TRANSALL aircraft and its helicopters have transported relief workers and material to many parts of the world. In the future, too, transport will be the most frequent form of support provided.
The Air Force's assets can also be used to conduct air surveillance and air reconnaissance and to protect airspace and lines of communication.
THE NAVY
643. Germany's security also has a major maritime dimension. It emanates chiefly from Germany's dependence on secure sea-borne foreign trade, from the risks to its security in maritime regions and from its transatlantic links with the naval power USA. Operating within the Alliance, the Gentian Navy makes an independent and visible contribution towards upholding the principle of "freedom of the seas", though especially towards maritime measures implemented under international crisis management.
644. The new concept for the Navy takes account of the changes in the strategic military situation. In particular, there is no longer my need to maintain the maritime capability of preventing the deployment of mass hostile forces in the Baltic on the same scale as in the past, a capability that was previously optimized for this maritime area instead, the properties and capabilities which units suited for blue-water operations and naval air forces require in order to take part in crisis reaction, conflict prevention and crisis management operations have become more import-ant. Whether in the accomplishment of national missions, as part of NATO's standing naval forces, in a WEU context or in cooperation with other partners under the auspices of the United Nations or CSCE, the German Navy can contribute to enforcing the political objectives of international crisis management efforts in Europe's marginal seas and other possible contingency areas.
MISSION, TASKS AND ORGANIZAFION
645. To accomplish its national and Alliance tasks, the Navy must be able to cope with the demands of above-water and underwater warfare, maritime air warfare, antia-aircraft defence, missile defence and mine countermeasures. What is needed to do so is a fleet that has both a balanced proportion of surface combatants, submarines and mine countermeasure vessels with the necessary afloat support, maritime patrol/antisubmarine aircraft, naval fighter bombers as well as shipborne and landbased helicopters. A fleet that has operational capabilities under water, above water and in the air and is organized in a structure based on military necessity and economic mason is a prerequisite for making a credible contribution to risk prevention and the ability to work within the Alliance.
646. In a state of defence, the Navy helps protect coasts and off-shore maritime areas against hostile naval forces and secures sea areas and sea lines of communication. To perform these tasks, essential elements of the naval and naval air forces can in principle be employed anywhere and any time.
647. The naval and naval air forces are capable of assuming operational tasks agreed upon under allied and international crisis management after only a short period of preparation. Their particular hallmarks are high mobility, flexibility and the ability to maintain continuous presence in operating area waters. The Navy has furnished proof of this on several occasions in the pot, for instance in various moons of the Mediterranean.
648. The Navy permanently detaches units to NATO's multinational "Standing Naval Forces" already operating in the Atlantic and Mediterranean in peacetime. Another standing naval force has been built up and assigned a mine countermeasures role. The Navy is thus helping to enhance cooperation and integration within the Alliance.
649. Elements of the Navy can also make specific contributions to the Bundowehr's mission on account of its capacity to operate with only marginal dependence on home bases. Naval and naval air forces are above all suited to the task of establishing and maintaining maritime presence. Maritime presence is an expression of Germany's responsibility in the international community and of its willingness to take on obligations in a spirit of solidarity with its allies. By ordering its ships and aircraft into action, the Navy helps preserve peace and stability in crisis regions.
650. The Navy makes an acknowledged contribution towards the honouring of Germany's commitments in the field of search and rescue (SAR) by maintaining a rescue coordination centre and a due number of aircraft and crews on permanent standby. In addition to providing technical and logistic assistance to meet allied obligations, the Navy assigns forces for United Nations and CSCE peace missions. The Navy also helps monitor the observance of environmental regulations at sea and employs specially fitted ships to assist in combating the effects of accidents involving environmental hazards.
651. The Chief of Staff, Navy, who heads the Naval Staff at the Federal Ministry of Defence, exercises command and control over three major commands: the Fleet Command, the Naval office and the Naval Support Command. The Commander in Chief, Fleet, exercises command and control over the Navy's naval and naval air forces and support units afloat from the Maritime Headquarters. Under the Alliance's integrated command structure, he is a NATO naval commander and exercises command and control over the national and allied units subordinate to him.
652. The Naval Office is responsible for the course and specialist military training provided for naval personnel and for the Navy's medical services. The Commander, Naval Office, is in charge of the Navy's schools, the sail training ship GORCH POCK, the naval shore medical service, the naval hands and the Navy Enlisted Personnel Office which is responsible for managing the Navy's petty officers and ratings.
653. The Naval Support Command is responsible for unit armament and equipment, operation, support and maintenance control of the units as well as for all other support services in the Navy. Command and control of the Navy's shore-based support units and facilities is exercised by the Western Naval District Command in Wilhelmshaven, the Northern Naval District Command in Kiel and the Eastern Naval District Command in Rostock, with each of these reporting to the Commander of the Naval Support Command. The support assets include naval bases, depots, naval transportation groups and naval security battalions.
654. In principle, all the Navy's units are capable of being used as reaction forces. This is why they are not divided into reaction and main defence forces. Although the But is basically geared to the task of national defence, up to 40 percent of its forces can be dram from the overall pool at any one time and provided for crisis reaction operations for prolonged operations.
655. The Navy's basic military organization is divided into bases, logistic facilities, transport and security capacities and schools located all along the German North Sea and Baltic coasts. By moving the Naval office from Wilhelmshaven to Rostock, rebuilding the School of Naval Engineering in Stralsund and stationing the Pot Patrol Boat Flotilla in Warnemünde, the Navy is making a marked contribution towards building up the Bundeswehr in the new Länder.
THE NAVY'S CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL AND ALLIANCE DEFENCE
656. In a state of defence, the Navy will as a rule interact with allied forces to perform national and Alliance defence and, if necessary, with the Army and Air Force. Its units can be deployed to the maritime areas concerned at an early stage, with little delay and flexibly even before a crisis has come to a head, or they can be withdrawn whenever political developments and objectives demand this.
657. The assets the Navy provides for crisis reaction purposes from the current fleet are six destroyers; or frigates with shipborne helicopters, fifteen mine countermeasures units, thirteen fast patrol boats, eight submarines, one tanker, one squadron consisting of twenty-four naval fighter bombers and six maritime patrol and antisubmarine aircraft, all of them more or less permanently integrated into multinational force structures.
THE NAVY'S CONTRIBUTION TO UNITED NATIONS PEACE MISSIONS AND HUMANITARIAN AID ACTIVITIES
658. The Navy has made contributions to humanitarian aid activities on many occasions in the past, For example, its supply units have taken large shipments of food to Russia. A particularly effective demonstration of humanitarian aid was provided by a German mine countermeasures force which cooperated with friendly navies in the Persian Gulf in 1991 in neutralizing a large number of mines and other explosive devices, thus removing risks for international shipping.
659. Since 1992, German Navy ships and maritime patrol aircraft have been supporting the international measures being conducted to monitor the UN embargo in the Adriatic. In doing so, the Navy is providing evidence of its ability to contribute towards United Nations peace missions.
Peacetime Organization of the Navy
THE CENTRAL MEDICAL AGENCIES ON THE BUNDESWEHR
660. As a component of the basic military organization, the Bundeswehr medical service plays a major role for the armed forces as they perform their tasks. Its significance has increased in view of the many and varied United Nations peace missions to be accomplished and humanitarian requirements to be met. The medical service is thus only affected to a small extent by the reduction in the size of the armed forces.
661. The prevision of general, organic medical support to armed forces personnel is a responsibility of the services; it takes place at garrison medical centres. Specialist inpatient and outpatient medical cam is provided at the Bundeswehr station hospitals and specialist medical centres; (SMCs). Together with the Bundeswehr Medical Office, the Medical Academy and the Medical Service institutes plus the Bonn Medical Centre, these centres constitute the organizational component known as the Central Medical Agencies of the Bundeswehr, reporting to the Surgeon General of the Federal Armed Foxes.
662. The Bundeswehr Medical Office is directly subordinate to the Federal Ministry of Defence. It is the command for the Central Medical Agencies of the Bundeswehr, the special staff of the Office of the Surgeon General and the higher headquarters for those tasks of the medical and health service that are common to the entire armed forces.
663. New tasks in the exercise of command and control over medical forces to provide support for United Nations peace missions and within the scope of humanitarian aid mean that it is necessary to restructure and increase the personnel strength of the Bundeswehr Medical Office. These measures will be completed in 1994.
664. The Bundeswehr Medical Academy is the central training establishment of the medical service of the Bundeswehr. In addition to its educational function, it also conducts applied scientific research in its institutes of microbiology, pharmacology, toxicology and radiobiology.
665. The Bundeswehr station hospitals perform outpatient and inpatient specialist examinations, assessments and treatment of Bundeswehr personnel and, if they have sufficient capacity, civilian patients. Together with the Medical Academy, they perform an important task in providing practical basic, continuation and advanced training for the medical personnel of the entire Bundeswehr. Their pharmacies ensure the provision of media supplies for their own requirements and for those of regionally assigned agencies of all three services. When it comes to Bundeswehr participation in United Nations peace missions and international humanitarian operations and to providing support to allied forces, the Bundeswehr station hospitals are highly qualified facilities for the provision of special medical support to military personnel in Germany.
666. There are plans to have the outpatient specialist examination, treatment and assessment of military personnel in regions with a high density of stationed units performed by specialist medical centres as sub-units of the Bundeswehr station hospitals. This will ensure that personnel receive specialist medical support wherever they am. These centres will be established on a medium to long-term basis.
The Bundeswehr Medical Centre in Bonn is responsible for providing organic medical and dental support to the military personnel of the Federal Ministry of Defence and supporting units. By incorporating a specialist medical centre, it will become a model facility combining the organic medical and dental support and inter-garrison specialist medical support for military personnel from all the services in a sound economical manner.
667. The legal tasks of preventing and combating communicable diseases, carrying out examinations within the scope of military ergonomics, hygiene and microbiology, assuring the quality of medicines and foodstuffs and continuously controlling the quality of troop rations are performed in four Central Institutes of the Bundeswehr Medical Service.
668. Wherever Bundeswehr personnel are employed, they receive medical support corresponding to the standard of modem medical cam in Germany. This requires not only high-quality medical equipment but also a large number of specially qualified active-duty medical officers. It is these specialists that provide military personnel in Germany with specialist outpatient and inpatient support. However, they also provide care for the injured, wounded and sick personnel of the operational units of all services as well as the civilian population within the scope of humanitarian aid measures. The hospital operated by the Bundeswehr from 1992 to 1993 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and the evacuation hospital operated from mid-1993 to the spring of 1994 in Somalia were an impressive demonstration of the operational readiness and capabilities of the Bundeswehr medical service.
Organization of the Central Medical Agencies of the Bundeswehr
THE CENTRAL MILITARY AGENCIES OF THE BUNDESWEHR
669. The Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr fulfil the function of a business in the service sector covering a wide spectrum of tasks for various "customers". They belong to the basic military organization. By assuming training and support tasks, they ease the workload of the services. By carrying out situation analyses and research and study work, the Central Military Agencies provide input to the Federal Ministry of Defence and Bundeswehr command level, thereby helping them to prepare their decisions. This organizational component comprises a total of 192 agencies reporting to the Via Chief of Staff of the Federal Armed Forces.
670. The Federal Armed Forces Central Personnel Office, together with the volunteer recruiting offices, performs central functions relating to recruitment and counselling in military service affairs. It is responsible for the personnel management of officer candidates, reserve officers and officers studying at university.
671. One of the principal fields of activity of the Central military Agencies of the Bundeswehr is the basic and advanced training of Bundeswehr personnel. Regulars; and temporary-career volunteers receive their academic training at the Federal Armed Forces Universities in Hamburg and Munich, while continuation training for Brie officers and general/higher naval staff officer training takes place at the Federal Armed Form Command and Staff College in Hamburg. The Federal Academy for Security Policy Studies in Bonn is an institute operating on an inter-departmental basis that provides advanced training in security matters for executive staff from Federal and Länder authorities and important groups in society.
The Leadership Development and Civic Education Centre in Koblenz is responsible for teaching and developing the concept of Innere Führung. The Federal Armed Forces Academy for information and Communication conducts training in the fields of communication, press and public relations and recruiting. The amalgamation of this academy with the Federal Armed Form institute of Social Sciences and a branch office of the leadership Development and Civic Education Centre in Strausberg near Berlin will create a new centre of intellectual activity this year.
In the future, more and more people from the states of Central and Eastern Europe will attend courses and seminars held by all these establishments as part of German training cooperation with these countries.
672. The Federal Aimed Forces Logistics School provides courses in the following subjects: materiel management, movement control and transportation management, safety at work, infrastructure and data processing. The Federal Armed Forces intelligence School conducts training in military intelligence and trains personnel for security-related tasks. The Federal Armed Forces Sports School provides instruction in sports didactics, sports for the disabled and the fundamentals of sports medicine.
673. The Federal Armed Forces Materiel Office is responsible for matters of logistics policy and draws up basic principles for the Bundeswehr's materiel management, including the associated logistic data processing procedures common to the entire Bundeswehr in addition, it performs the function of a national codification agency.
674. The Director of Military Geography, who is also Director of the Federal Armed Forces Geographic Office, is the head of the military geographic service. This service supplies the Bundeswehr with military geographic documents and data. Its mission encompasses the entire spectrum, ranging from requirement-oriented research, through development, testing, production and procurement of maps and data, representing the interests of the Bundeswehr in all matters relating to this field (also in the international sphere), to supplying the users with standardized military geographic products.
675. The Federal Armed Forces Communications and information Systems office performs functions in the field of electronic command and control assets. It plans and operates the command, control and information systems for the supreme Bundeswehr command level. In cooperation with the German information Security Agency, it initiates and monitors all measures taken to ensure information security.
676. The Federal Armed Forces Verification Centre performs verification tasks abroad and details personnel to escort inspection teams in Germany, as provided for under arms control agreements.
677. The Military Attaché Offices at the diplomatic missions of the Federal Republic of Germany an responsible for military affairs and matters of military policy and defence technology. The political changes in Europe have resulted in an increased number of tasks in this sphere. In 1993, new military attaché offices were established in Almaty, Kiev, Minsk, Riga and Zagreb.
678. The tasks in the field of military intelligence and military security are also performed by the organizational component known as the Central Military Agencies. The Federal Armed Forces intelligence Office assesses all information of military and military policy importance for the supreme Bundeswehr command level and for the armed forces. The Military Counterintelligence Service has the statutory mission of gathering and assessing information on anti-constitutional efforts and security threatening or secret service activities directed against the Bundeswehr.
679. The Federal Armed Forces Institute of Social Sciences studies issues arising from relations between the Bundeswehr and society. The Military History Research institute analyzes and describes German military history, especialy that of recent times. Its research activities also focus on he history of the National People's Army, the role of armed forces in the state and in society and the aspect of the command, control and employment of land, air and naval forces.
680. The Federal Armed Forces Office for Studies and Exercises conducts analyses, studies and basic scientific work as a decision-making tool for the Federal Ministry of Defence. It supports the planning, control and evaluation of Bundeswehr and NATO exercises.
Organization of the Central Military Agencies of the Bundeswehr
ARMED FORCES AND RESERVISTS
681. Owing to the fact that the main defence forces are heavily dependent upon mobilization, reservists are needed for virtually all assignments, including the command of units and formations and, to a higher degree than in the past, the operation of primary weapons systems.
Reservists above all ensure operational readiness among the main defence forces' semi- and non-active units, preeminently for the tasks of national and Alliance defence. Even so, reservists are also being scheduled to a large degree for specialist assignments in the reaction forces and basic military organization. They will then be employed, on a voluntary basis, in humanitarian activities, in disaster relief operations and in peace missions conducted under the UN Charter.
682. The radical changes in Germany and the international environment are reflected in a new "Bundeswehr Reservist Concept".
The purpose of the concept is to define the role of reservists in the Bundeswehr amid the changes in the security environment, to enhance cohesion between the active and reserve forces while making no more demands on reservists and their civilian employers than need be, to provide incentives for reservists to volunteer for additional duties and to increase their commitment to service in the armedforces.
This has resulted in a number of fundamental stipulations governing the employment of reservists in peacetime, crisis and war: The combat effectiveness and endurance of a force rum greatly determined by the skill and drive of its commander. Anyone who undertakes to meet these demands and take on extra duties voluntarily can expect assistance and due remuneration. This also applies to co scripts in basic military service and reservists suitable for and willing to undergo reserve NCO training. Reserve duty training is focused on training reserve officers and NCOs and keeping them proficient, the emphasis thus being placed on individual reserve duty training periods and command post exercises. Reservists as a rule acquire the technical skills they need for mobilization assignments during their terms of active service. In peacetime, them are limits on how long they are assigned a mobilization post and on how much reserve duty training they are required to undergo in order to meet the obligations of military service.
683. The stipulations in detail:
* Reservists shall be scheduled and specified for their mobilization assignments before their terms of active service are over.
* An effort shall be made to ensure that reservists can take up their mobilization assignments as soon as possible after their terms of active service.
* In peacetime, reservists shall not be required to undergo their first periods of reserve duty training within twelve months of completing their terms of active service.
* Notification of reserve duty training shall normally be given twelve months in advance, the exception to this rule being reserve duty training for reactionforces, alert exercises and short mobilization exercises in peacetime.
* Unit mobilization exercises shall lot no longer than twelve days in peacetime. Reservists shall normally be consulted on when they are available for individual mobilization exercises, with those designated for assignment being required to complete no more than one period of reserve duty training per year. This ruling shall not apply to short mobilization exercises for reserve officers and NCOs or when personnel volunteer for reserve duty training.
* Officers will normally be designated for assignment for ten years, NCOs for seven years and enlisted personnel other than NCOs for four years.
* Specific upper limits are set for the career categories on the number of days reservists are required to undergo reserve duty training in peacetime, namely 24 to 84 days.
684. In addition to the commander reserve included in the wartime authorized strength of 650,000 to 700,000 men, steps are being taken to establish an assignment reserve which does not count towards the wartime authorized strength. The purpose of this assignment reserve is to maintain and promote, on a voluntary basis, the proficiency of reserve officers and NCOs who will no longer be assigned for mobilization when the armed forces have been reorganized. The idea is also for the assignment reserve to include those officers and NCOs who volunteer to serve as reservists and in whom the armed forces are interested, but who cannot be immediately designated for assignment in the wartime authorized strength, it at all.
685. Voluntary reservist work, above all work pertaining to defence policy, is of great importance for the function reservists perform as mediators between the armed forces and the public, particularly in the new Länder. Responsibility for voluntary reservist work outside the Bundeswehr rests with the Bundeswehr Reservist Association, which discharges the function of mediator between reservists, reservist associations and the Bundeswehr. It is also gradually branching out into the new Länder.
686. Reservists remain a crucial factor for the operational readiness of the Bundeswehr. The more standing strengths are graduated, the greater the importance will become of the well-trained, motivated and eager reservist. Reservists participate in exercises and serve in all sectors of the armed forces.
THE FEDERAL DEFENCE ADMINISTRATION
687. Article 87 b of the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany assigns responsibility for administrative tasks to a Federal Defence Administration independent of the armed forces. The Federal Defence Administration is responsible for personnel matters and meets the material requirements of the armed forces. It is divided into the Territorial Federal Defence Administration and the Armaments Organization.
THE TERRITORIAL DEFENCE ADMINISTRATION
688. The Territorial Defence Administration is the largest organizational component of the Federal Defence Administration. A comprehensive restructuring will harmonize the principles of an unbureaucratic administration with the requirements of the diminishing armed forces.
In the initial phase of the programme designed to streamline the way the Administration is organized, the number of agencies is gradually being reduced from 405 to 294. In the old Länder, 78 out of 203 Garrison Administrative Offices, 18 out of 123 Selection and induction Offices and six out of 17 Federal Armed Forces Data Processing Carries are being dissolved. The number of subsistence offices has already been reduced to four. In the new Länder, on the other hand, 57 new agencies have so far been established.
The reorganization of the recruiting system envisages improvements in the administrative procedures at the selection and induction offices. In the future, there will only be a short period of time between the pre-induction examination and all-up for basic military service, thereby enabling conscripts to plan their careers and lives better than in the past.
Territorial Defence Administration
THE ARMAMENTS ORGANIZATION
689. The armaments organization meets the material requirements of the armed forces on a centralized basis. It is subordinate to the Directorate General of Armaments at the Federal Ministry of Defence. The armaments organization includes the Federal office of Defence Technology and Procurement in Koblenz, an executive authority with agencies throughout the Federal Republic of Germany.
The Directorate General of Armaments at the FMoD plans, controls and supervises fundamental defence technology studio and the development and procurement of materiel. It assists in Bundeswehr planning and represents the Ministry in the technological and economic sphere and in the field of international arms cooperation. The Federal office of Defence Technology and Procure. meat (BWB), with its technical and research centres, examines, develops, tests and procures the materiel required by the armed forces. This takes place on a national basis and in collaboration with other countries. The BWB functions as a contract-placing authority and is the contractual partner of many branches of industry and industrial enterprises at home and abroad. It is involved in the disposal of scrapped materiel. The Naval Arsenal at the BWB performs maintenance activities for ships, boats and shore installations of the Navy or awards contracts for this work to industry.
Armaments Organization
INFRASTRUCTURE
690. The infrastructure Directorate at the Federal Ministry of Defence is responsible for meeting air the infrastructure requirements of the Bundeswehr and the NATO facilities in the Federal Republic of Germany. This comprises, among other things, barracks, storage sites, airfields, port facilities, hospitals, schools and training installations, administration buildings plus proving facilities, as well as roads and rail loading stations.
The spectrum of tasks encompasses new buildings, supplementary structural work and maintenance activities, and the guarding, administration and operation of the buildings and facilities, including the procurement and maintenance of the necessary equipment. Real property maintenance covers not only buildings with their services and utilities, but also the appurtenant grounds and major and local Bundeswehr training areas. Recultivation measures are a major contribution to environmental protection.
691. Construction programmes are currently concentrating on improving the housing situation at barracks in the new Länder and - throughout the Federal Republic of Germany - on meeting stricter legal environmental requirements, such as upgrading hearing plants to comply with the provisions of the General Administration Regulation pertaining to the Federal Commission Control Act (Technical instructions on Air Quality Control).
Budgetary funds mounting to around 2.4 billion DM were spent in the infrastructure sector in 1993.
ADMINISTRATION AT UNIT LEVEL
692. Federal Defence Administration tasks closely associated with the exercise of military operational command and control are accomplished directly in the units. They an performed at command level by the Administrative Divisions, at unit and agency level by the Accounting, Pay and Quartermaster Sections and by the Federal Armed Forces Station Hospital Administrative Sections.
This part of the administration is integrated organizationally to the military agencies. Commanders and agency directors are responsible for ensuring that these tasks are performed properly. For reasons of cost-effectiveness, several units will in the future be allocated to one accounting, pay and quartermaster section, if local circumstances so permit.
To perform the administrative tasks in the spheres of budgetary affairs, personnel, matters relating to collective agreements, pay and welfare matters, the civilian employees working in the units must have a good understanding of the military. As the adviser to the commander and agency director on all administrative matters and as the commissioner for the budget, the civilian director of the Accounting, Pay and Quartermaster Section or of the Administrative Division performs; a vital support function for the military command.
CIVILIAN PERSONNEL PLANNING
693. Force reductions and economy measures also have a direct impact on the civilian personnel strength of the Bundeswehr. The extent to which civilian personnel levels are to be reduced has not yet been finally decided. Since 1990, the number of civilian personnel in the old Länder has been cut back from 184,000 to 160,000. At the same time, however, the establishment of the Federal Defence Administration in the new Länder has created over 20,000 new jobs. The basis for the gradual and socially acceptable reduction is a plan that is designed to achieve the target personnel structure by the year 2000.
694. On the basis of current plans, the Bundeswehr will continue to offer up to 150,000 civilian employees interesting and responsible jobs with good prospects of promotion. A closer interlinking of continuation training and personnel planning will familiarize qualified employees with new fields of responsibility and prepare them to assume executive functions. This will ensure that new recruits in particular are given information at an early stage about their career prospects. A commissioner for recruitment will have the task of ascertaining future recruitment requirements, supporting centralized and decentralized recruitment campaigns and suggesting ways in which the Federal Defence Administration could be made more attractive.
OVERALL DEFENCE
695. Overall defence involves interaction of military and civil defence. It remains an indispensable principle, despite the changed security environment. This applies equally in the national sphere, in the Alliance and within the scope of other international commitments.
Overall defence comprises all the political, military and civil measures required for defence. The political responsibility for overall defence rests with the Federal Government. It determines the objectives to be achieved by the organizationally autonomous components of military and civil defence, which have to closely coordinate their plans and action.
Coordination takes place within the scope of civil-military cooperation (CIMIC), a prerequisite for which is the existence of efficient communications between the civilian and military points of contact. Civil defence encompasses the planning, preparation and implementation of all the civil measures necessary to establish and maintain a defence capability. Its tasks are essentially armed at:
* Maintaining governmental and administrative functions;
* Protecting the civilian populations;
* Providing the civilian population and the armed forces with supplies;
* Providing direct support to the armed forces in the form of civilian goods and services.
Given the enlargement in the spectrum of tasks and missions to be accomplished and a reduction in the resources available for doing so, the armed forces will increasingly haw to fall back on civilian support services.
696. The merger of the former Territorial Army with the Army in the Field and the reassessment of national tasks have also led to changes in the territorial defence organization, whose agencies are primarily responsible for the military component of civil-military cooperation.
In the future, these tasks will be performed by all services on an inter-service basis, with the Army assuming a pilot function and performing the bulk of them. At the same time, the Army Support Command will assume, in Germany, the function of a national commander as a point of contact for the guest forces stationed in the country. The subordinate military levels (military district commands and military region commands) will coordinate plans and support requirements with their civilian and allied counterparts.
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